The agricultural extension system of India has various kinds of service providers like state agriculture departments, universities, research institutes, Farm Science Centers and private players. This study was conducted in 2020 and attempted to explore the association between average annual net income earned from citrus cultivation and the source of availing citrus extension services through Correspondence Analysis (CA) method of 300 citrus farmers selected from three districts in Maharashtra, India. The farmers with high income (1808. 31USD to 2411. 09USD/ha) received advisory services of the public research institute ICAR-Central Citrus Research Institute (CCRI) through either personal contact or electronic platforms. Awareness about CCRI services, source of seeking citrus cultivation related information, source of purchasing citrus planting material, using CCRI mobile app and website for citrus advisories, and contacting CCRI scientists for solving citrus farming related issues was found to have significant (P< 0. 05) positive relationship with net income from citrus farming through Pearsons’ correlation coefficient, while cost of cultivation and orchard age had negative significant relationship.  The multi-linear regression analysis, depicted cost of cultivation, awareness about CCRI services, source of seeking citrus advisories, and source of purchasing planting material had significant association with net income. The findings of correlation and regression thus emphasized the positive significant association of CCRI’s extension services to income from citrus farming. Identifying homogenous target groups of citrus farmers through Classification and Regression Tree (CART) method can serve as policy implication for extension service providers to deliver customized need-based advisories to target clientele.

The main objective of this study was to investigate farmer's perception toward the privatization of livestock extension services in Iran. The study was carried out through a survey method. The statistical universe of the study consisted all farmers who had at least one livestock unit and living in rural areas of the East Azarbaijan, Mazandaran, Golestan and Fars Provinces of Iran. To study the farmer's perception toward the privatization of livestock extension services and factors associated with that, a sample of 1200 farmers was selected by use of "multi-level stratified random sampling" method. A questionnaire was used to collect information about variables. The reliability and validity of the perception toward the privatization of livestock extension services Index were determined. Cronbach’s alpha computed to measure reliability of the index was 0.81. The data were analyzed using statistical methods such as frequencies, percentage, mean score, standard deviation, and product moment correlation analysis, F test, regression analysis and factor analysis. The findings of the study revealed that there was a significantly relationship between perception toward the privatization of livestock extension services and independent variables consisting: age, educational level, level of agricultural production and level, income from agriculture. According to Multiple Regression Analysis 45 percent of the changes in farmer's perception toward the privatization of livestock extension services was due to their educational level, level of agricultural production, level of income from agriculture and level of income from livestock production.

The purpose of this study was investigation of East Azerbaijan researchers and extension agents’ view about the role of extension services on agricultural development. The methodology was descriptive-correlation which is carried out by survey method. In this study, the sample population was 335 people including all researchers and extension agents working in the agricultural sector. To assess the reliability of the questionnaire, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used and level over 0.75 for all sections of the questionnaire was measured. Its validity was established asking for the help from the technical experts. Results showed that the agricultural extension is an undeniable necessity in the agricultural development the effects of which has been positive and significant in the major variables of the agricultural development. The shortcomings are not due to the nature of extension rather they are because of improper execution, lack of support and similar reasons. The reduction of pest damage, improvement of the social status, contribution to boost handicrafts, acceptance of product insurance, recommendations for land leveling, creation of sale cooperation, awareness raising of the market, use of modern irrigation methods and several factors else was those extension role factors that the respondents agreed upon.

This study examined the major effective factors on sustainability and continuity of private extension services from the perspective of public sector experts in Qazvin and Zanjan province based on the Structural Equation Modeling. The population of this study comprised public sector experts who worked in Agricultural Extension Services Centers in Qazvin and Zanjan provinces (N=241). The study sample consisted of 148 public sector experts selected through stratified random sampling. A questionnaire was utilized for data collection. Validity was confirmed by face validity, convergent validity, and content validity and reliability was calculated using Composite Reliability and Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Data was analyzed using Smart-PLS software based on Partial Least Squares approach. The findings showed that the infrastructure, education & extension, and economic factors had the most positive and significant effect on the sustainability and continuity of private extension activities from the perspective of public sector experts in Qazvin and Zanjan province, respectively. Due to the impact of the infrastructure factor, the organization of private extension network by the Agricultural Jihad Organization at first and the implementation of supportive policies to set up consulting start-ups such as information, education and culture to accept the culture of private promotion in the region, and accept A portion of the private promotion fee is offered.

Purpose: Personalization can meet the unique needs of the individual customers.. This study was done in order to find out the feasibility of the personalized services of public libraries in Mashhad.Methodology: This survey is cross-sectional. The data were collected through questionnaires.142 people participated in the study.Stratified random sampling based on Morgan table was used based on which 110 were selected as the sample. To analyze the data, analysis of variance, repeated measures, and Bonferroni post hoc test were performed using SPSS software.Findings: The results showed that the levels of society tend to personalize the service is above top average (3) personal priority services ' document delivery' (86.4) and the lowest priority of "abstracting services" (03.2) respectively. The first priority is to get the personalized service to the faculty members (71.2) and the lowest priority is to provide personalized services to all the library members (96.1). Besides, from the perspective of public librarians, the most important priority should be given to the equipments and facilities along with the Internet speed (61.8), and the lowest priority should be specified to the adequate electronic sources (68.2).

In regard to the increasing costs and limitations on the available resources, one of the policy options in the resent years to minimize the constraints of the public extension, has been the privatization of agricultural extension services. In Iranian context, considering the diverse needs of the commercial farmers and inadequacies of the public extensions' services for the small farmers, there is a necessity for searching suitable programs and practices related to private extension. Thus, the objective of this study was to investigate and prioritize programs and practices of supplying private extension services to farmers, as perceived by Iranian agricultural extension specialists. A survey research was conducted using a questionnaire which its face validity was confirmed by a panel of related agricultural extension experts and its reliability was established through the administrating of 40 instruments among the extension specialists of the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad (MAJ) and calculating the Croubach's alpha (a=.89). The target population of the study encompassed 125 agricultural extension specialists of MAl The gathered data were analyzed using SPSS-win software. The dependant variable was the perception of the agricultural extension specialist regarding the appropriateness of the selected practices of private extension. Based on the findings, the priority of the most important practices for supplying private extension services from the view point of the extension specialists were: farmers' extension organizations, private consultants, and allocating subsides to the farmers. Also, there was a significant difference between the Pb.D and M.Sc. respondents as to their perceptions on the appropriateness of the three above-mentioned private extension practices.